{"id":20809,"date":"2024-07-24T11:58:14","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T09:58:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/?p=20809"},"modified":"2025-01-24T11:01:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T10:01:31","slug":"hefele-vstric-odolne-evrope-nove-moznosti-rozvoje-pro-stredni-a-vychodni-evropu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/2024\/07\/24\/hefele-vstric-odolne-evrope-nove-moznosti-rozvoje-pro-stredni-a-vychodni-evropu\/","title":{"rendered":"Hefele: Vst\u0159\u00edc odoln\u00e9 Evrop\u011b: nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti rozvoje pro st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text napsal politick\u00fd \u0159editel Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies Peter Hefele pro na\u0161i publikaci <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21278&quot;&quot; data-mode=&quot;fullscreen&quot; data-title=&quot;false&quot; data-template=&quot;short-white-book-view&quot; 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V d\u016fsledku toho se hlavn\u00ed prioritou Evropsk\u00e9 komise stala snaha sn\u00ed\u017eit zranitelnost Evropy a posilovat jej\u00ed odolnost. Tento koncept p\u0159esahuje ochranu kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury a dodavatelsk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f a zahrnuje i fungov\u00e1n\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 tranzice. P\u0159ekvapiv\u011b se jen z\u0159\u00eddka v tomto adapta\u010dn\u00edm procesu hovo\u0159\u00ed o roli st\u00e1t\u016f st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy (SVE). Tyto st\u00e1ty p\u0159itom nab\u00edz\u00ed mnoho p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k tomu, aby se staly v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pil\u00ed\u0159em odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Evropy. P\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e1 kapitola analyzuje sou\u010dasn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my zem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy a zkoum\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti, ve kter\u00fdch mohou v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt, a\u0165 u\u017e ke sv\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edmu rozvoji, nebo k rozvoji cel\u00e9 Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/strong>&nbsp;odolnost, transformace, st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropa, Evropsk\u00e1 unie, kritick\u00e1 infrastruktura<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><br>Rusk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka na Ukrajin\u011b je pouze posledn\u00edm d\u00edlem ze s\u00e9rie kriz\u00ed, kter\u00e9 surov\u011b odhalily \u010detn\u00e9 slabiny evropsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na jejich ekonomiky zalo\u017een\u00e9 na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch nebo energetick\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na fosiln\u00edch palivech. Nejen tyto pom\u011brn\u011b \u201etradi\u010dn\u00ed\u201c vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktory donutily Evropany kriticky zhodnotit vlastn\u00ed \u201espole\u010denskou infrastrukturu\u201c \u2013 infrastrukturu, kterou nelze redukovat pouze na potrub\u00ed, \u017eeleznice nebo telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my. V dob\u011b hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky nav\u00edc ji\u017e neexistuj\u00ed hranice mezi civiln\u00edmi a vojensk\u00fdmi obrann\u00fdmi silami. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl nen\u00ed ani mezi virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed a fyzickou infrastrukturou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuje v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b jeden aspekt odolnosti, o n\u011bm\u017e se hovo\u0159\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b a kter\u00fd souvis\u00ed s ot\u00e1zkou udr\u017eitelnosti. Mnoho let byl koncept udr\u017eitelnosti zu\u017eov\u00e1n na opat\u0159en\u00ed vedouc\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed uhl\u00edku. Teprve v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b je udr\u017eitelnost st\u00e1le v\u00edce spojov\u00e1na s budov\u00e1n\u00edm odolnosti a celkov\u00e9m sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 zranitelnosti. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed a pr\u016flomov\u00fd proces transformace evropsk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a spole\u010dnosti mus\u00ed b\u00fdt veden v souladu s c\u00edli vybudovat odolnou spole\u010dnost. Ostr\u00e9 politick\u00e9 diskuze v Evropsk\u00e9 unii v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b a regiony budou na t\u00e9to cest\u011b \u010delit \u0159ad\u011b v\u00fdzev (C\u0103tu\u0163i a kol. 2020). Politick\u00fd odpor v\u016f\u010di nov\u00fdm koncept\u016fm a p\u0159edpis\u016fm ze strany EU a n\u00e1rodn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f b\u00fdv\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fd. Zem\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy b\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeny, a to nejen s ohledem na jejich specifick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy, ale i s ohledem na potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos k odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Evrop\u011b. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola si proto klade za c\u00edl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 za prv\u00e9 analyzovat sou\u010dasnou \u00farove\u0148 hrozeb a zranitelnosti nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Evropou s d\u016frazem na st\u00e1ty SVE;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 za druh\u00e9 identifikovat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l st\u00e1t\u016f SVE s c\u00edlem pos\u00edlit spole\u010denskou odolnost v regionu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Krom\u011b toho tato kapitola nab\u00eddne doporu\u010den\u00ed, jak objevit a rozv\u00edjet tento potenci\u00e1l pro udr\u017eitelnou transformaci ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b p\u0159edstav\u00ed, jak\u00e9 to bude m\u00edt dopady pro zbytek EU. Evropsk\u00e1 rada definuje odolnost jako \u201eschopnost nejen odol\u00e1vat a zvl\u00e1dat v\u00fdzvy, ale tak\u00e9 schopnost proch\u00e1zet zm\u011bnami udr\u017eiteln\u00fdm, spravedliv\u00fdm a demokratick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem\u201d (Evropsk\u00e1 rada 2023). Odolnost se t\u00fdk\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed politiky, nap\u0159. politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, infrastruktury a ekonomick\u00e9ho rozvoje. Nejen proto je pot\u0159eba inovativn\u00edch politick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a koncept\u016f, abychom p\u0159estali myslet a jednat v izolaci od ostatn\u00edch. Ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e9to kapitoly p\u0159edstav\u00edme doporu\u010den\u00ed do budoucnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 hrozeb a zranitelnosti ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b<\/strong><br>Zku\u0161enosti s pr\u016flomovou transformac\u00ed po roce 1989 u\u010dinily spole\u010dnosti zem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b zp\u016fsobilej\u0161\u00edmi k adaptaci\u2013 je tomu ale skute\u010dn\u011b tak? V tomto tvrzen\u00ed se mo\u017en\u00e1 skr\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pravdy, nicm\u00e9n\u011b obrovsk\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed, nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed ekonomiky a k\u0159ehkost \u00fastavn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159ivedly odolnost jejich spole\u010dnosti, ekonomik a politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a\u017e k bodu zlomu (Cserg\u00f6, Eglitis a Pickering 2021). Abychom pochopili, co \u201epolitick\u00e1 odolnost\u201d (Boese a kol. 2021) skute\u010dn\u011b znamen\u00e1, mus\u00edme porozum\u011bt jak\u00fdm specifick\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m demokratick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my SVE \u010del\u00ed. Za prv\u00e9, jejich relativn\u011b mlad\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se st\u00e1le pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vnit\u0159n\u00edmi a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi hrozbami jako jsou populistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed, nestabiln\u00ed stranick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, korupce a pokud jde o vnit\u0159n\u00ed faktory, tak i n\u00edzk\u00e1 v\u00edra v demokratick\u00e9 principy. Za druh\u00e9 bychom m\u011bli vz\u00edt v \u00favahu tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee ekonomick\u00fd rozvoj z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b t\u011bchto st\u00e1t\u016f k\u0159ehk\u00fd, stejn\u011b jako parlamentn\u00ed syst\u00e9my a syst\u00e9my politick\u00fdch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zem\u011b SVE jsou dlouhodob\u011b ter\u010dem sofistikovan\u00fdch praktik, kter\u00e9 c\u00edl\u00ed na jejich slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a jsou n\u00e1strojem zahrani\u010dn\u00edho vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed se ze strany autokratick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v\u010detn\u011b Ruska, \u010c\u00edny a st\u00e1t\u016f Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu (Conley a kol. 2016). Ve snaze uplatnit sv\u00e9 revizionistick\u00e9 tendence se Rusko pokou\u0161\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edt sv\u00e9 historick\u00e9 vztahy se \u201eslovansk\u00fdm sv\u011btem\u201c (Bulharsko, Srbsko), ruskou men\u0161inou (v Pobalt\u00ed) nebo svou p\u0159evahu v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ekonomick\u00fdch sektorech (zejm\u00e9na v oblasti energetiky), aby si vytvo\u0159ilo klientelistickou s\u00ed\u0165. Ruskou v\u00e1lkou na Ukrajin\u011b utrp\u011bly tyto snahy velkou r\u00e1nu, p\u0159esto v\u0161ak nad\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed cesty, jak \u0161\u00ed\u0159it vliv, nap\u0159\u00edklad prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm politick\u00fdch stran v Bulharsku, Srbsku, Ma\u010farsku a na Slovensku. V r\u00e1mci Nov\u00e9 hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky m\u011bl form\u00e1t spolupr\u00e1ce \u201e17+1\u201c neblaze zasahovat do oblasti st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy a slou\u017eit k nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch vztah\u016f (Gupta, 2020; Bergsen a Sniukaite 2020). Z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU toto jedn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto kritizovaly jako strategii \u010c\u00edny \u201erozd\u011bl a panuj\u201c. P\u0159esto\u017ee tento form\u00e1t spolupr\u00e1ce ztratil na s\u00edle (Tonchev a kol. 2021), vliv \u010c\u00edny, v\u010detn\u011b vlivu politick\u00e9ho, bude d\u00e1le nar\u016fstat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vstup na evropsk\u00fd jednotn\u00fd trh a za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed do glob\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnotov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f po p\u00e1du \u017eelezn\u00e9 opony pozvedl \u017eivotn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b obyvatel st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. I tak ale v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st spole\u010dnosti nad\u00e1le \u017eije v chudob\u011b (OECD 2023). Krom\u011b toho sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 struktura a z\u00e1vislost na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad na v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u00edch ekonomik\u00e1ch jako je ta n\u011bmeck\u00e1, vede k vysok\u00e9 zranitelnosti v\u016f\u010di vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, jejich\u017e rychle se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vliv nelze adekv\u00e1tn\u011b zm\u00edrnit ani z\u00e1sahem st\u00e1tu. Meziregion\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomick\u00e1 integrace v zem\u00edch SVE se zlep\u0161uje jen pomalu a pro mnoho zem\u00ed je z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho hlediska obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vyrovnat se se ztr\u00e1tou rusk\u00e9ho trhu. Krom\u011b toho se objevuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed nedostatky jako nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u011b\u017eko zastaviteln\u00fd odliv mozk\u016f (Rada Evropy 2019) z m\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00fdch oblast\u00ed nebo nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 dopravn\u00ed infrastruktura, kter\u00e1 vede do za\u010darovan\u00e9ho kruhu pomal\u00e9ho nebo dokonce zaost\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje. V nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch letech budou po\u017eadavky EU na p\u0159echod k udr\u017eitelnosti p\u0159edstavovat pro tradi\u010dn\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 struktury velk\u00e9 b\u0159emeno. St\u00e1ty SVE se stanou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm prostorem k otestov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201espravedliv\u00e9 transformace\u201c (Evropsk\u00e1 komise 2023a).<br>Zem\u011b SVE si pro\u0161ly od konce studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky demografick\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami, kter\u00e9 je drasticky poznamenaly. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed vstupem na jednotn\u00fd evropsk\u00fd trh a do schengensk\u00e9ho prostoru \u010delily n\u011bkter\u00e9 zem\u011b a regiony zejm\u00e9na v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b masivn\u00ed emigraci, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobila neudr\u017eitelnou deformaci (Batog a kol. 2021). V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed regiony to ji\u017e nedok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z demografick\u00e9ho hlediska zvl\u00e1dnout a mohou ekonomicky p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt pouze d\u00edky masivn\u00edm transfer\u016fm, nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tzv. remitenc\u00ed. Tento v\u00fdvoj bude pokra\u010dovat, proto\u017ee pronat\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky zat\u00edm z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti selh\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se rozd\u00edl mezi m\u011bsty a venkovem (Allianz SE 2019) v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed voli\u010d\u016f ve st\u00e1tech SVE a posiluje populistick\u00e9 a nacionalistick\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Potenci\u00e1l zem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy pos\u00edlit odolnost EU<\/strong><br>Na pozad\u00ed tohoto pon\u011bkud chmurn\u00e9ho popisu sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situace zem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy je koncept budov\u00e1n\u00ed odoln\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti mo\u017enou perspektivou, jak nastolit spr\u00e1vn\u00fd sm\u011br a vytvo\u0159it v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch nov\u00e9 a rovn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Snadn\u00e9 to v\u0161ak nebude. Nav\u00edc tyto snahy vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vizi, vytrvalost, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed politick\u00fd konsenzus, lep\u0161\u00ed koordinaci v r\u00e1mci evropsk\u00e9ho v\u00edce-\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed (B\u00f6rzel 2020) a p\u0159ijet\u00ed pestr\u00e9 sm\u011bsi n\u00e1stroj\u016f a p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f. EU a velk\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty budou hr\u00e1t rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli, z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak samy proch\u00e1zej\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou prom\u011bnou. M\u016f\u017eeme tedy sp\u00ed\u0161e hovo\u0159it o jak\u00e9si \u201ep\u0159echodn\u00e9 koevoluci\u201c. Pro proces transformace a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed odolnosti Evropy je z\u00e1sadn\u00edch n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich jsme ji\u017e zm\u00ednily, ale je t\u0159eba je detailn\u011bji rozebrat.<br>Ekonomick\u00e1 geografie jednotn\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho trhu se vlivem technologick\u00fdch a geoekonomick\u00fdch vliv\u016f neust\u00e1le m\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00fdvoj ve vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch ekonomik\u00e1ch, nap\u0159. v N\u011bmecku, zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se \u201eefekty modernizace\u201c d\u00e1l \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci do vedlej\u0161\u00edch ekonomik zem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. Odpojen\u00ed od glob\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnotov\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f nebo jejich restrukturalizace za \u00fa\u010delem \u201esni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rizika\u201c (Kynge 2023; Huotari a Stec 2023) bude m\u00edt bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed dopad na postaven\u00ed a v\u00fdznam firem st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. Zem\u011b SVE tak \u010del\u00ed v\u00fdzv\u011b rychle vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159esouv\u00e1n\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00fdch \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f do bl\u00edzk\u00fdch zem\u00ed (nearshoring) a z\u00e1rove\u0148 u toho implementovat nap\u0159\u00edklad vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed standardy udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho investov\u00e1n\u00ed (Environmental, Social, Governance, ESG) (Dordevic 2021). Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti uvnit\u0159 Evropy, region SVE se st\u00e1le v\u00edce vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 na vlastn\u00ed cestu v\u00fdvoje. Jednou z v\u00fdhod pozdn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edchodu do EU je mo\u017enost skokov\u00e9ho pokroku, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti digitalizace. SVE je ji\u017e nyn\u00ed velmi dob\u0159e p\u0159ipravena p\u0159isp\u011bt ke vzniku jednotn\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho digit\u00e1ln\u00edho trhu. M\u00e1 vysoce kvalifikovan\u00e9 IT pracovn\u00edky a stala se hlavn\u00ed destinac\u00ed outsourcov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdvoje softwaru. Investicemi do digit\u00e1ln\u00ed infrastruktury a dovednost\u00ed v SVE m\u016f\u017ee EU jako celek pos\u00edlit svou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed odolnost a konkurenceschopnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konkuren\u010dn\u00ed, nebo alespo\u0148 dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 v\u00fdhody st\u00e1t\u016f st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy nejsou omezen\u00e9 pouze na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomiku. Vedle n\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm pil\u00ed\u0159em politiky odolnosti energetika. EU mus\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit z\u00e1vislost b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku na jedin\u00e9m dodavateli a diverzifikovat sv\u016fj energetick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Sou\u010dasn\u011b mnoho zem\u00ed SVE pot\u0159ebuje modernizovat energetickou infrastrukturu, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto poch\u00e1z\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b ze socialistick\u00e9 \u00e9ry a spol\u00e9h\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na fosiln\u00ed zdroje energie. Oblast SVE by se mohla st\u00e1t pro EU d\u016fle\u017eitou \u201ebateri\u00ed\u201c ve smyslu investic a obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie. Z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska by roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed o Ukrajinu a dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b \u010dernomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho regionu pos\u00edlilo roli SVE, kter\u00e1 by se stala centrem v\u00fdroby energie, jej\u00edho dovozu a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 modernizace obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f by mohla vyvolat diverzifikovanou reindustrializaci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm investic do modern\u00edho lehk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, co\u017e by vytvo\u0159ilo nov\u00e9 a diverzifikovan\u00e9 zdroje tvorby hodnot. To v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje zastaven\u00ed odlivu mozk\u016f, dlouhodob\u00e9 investice do vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bdy a v\u00fdzkumu, a lep\u0161\u00ed spr\u00e1vu v\u011bc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Znalosti st\u00e1t\u016f SVE, jak \u010delit hybridn\u00edm hrozb\u00e1m, v\u010detn\u011b dezinformac\u00ed, kybernetick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f a zahrani\u010dn\u00edho vm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed odolnosti cel\u00e9 EU zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u011b p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9. Spole\u010dn\u011b s t\u00edm, jak zahrani\u010dn\u00ed \u00fatoky neust\u00e1le podkop\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1ty SVE a zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed turbulence, roste i jejich odborn\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed a schopnost proti t\u011bmto hrozb\u00e1m bojovat. Jejich znalosti mohou p\u0159isp\u011bt ke snaze EU chr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 ob\u010dany a demokratick\u00e9 instituce a d\u00e1le posilovat demokratick\u00e9 snahy i mimo Evropu. Sd\u00edlen\u00edm t\u011bchto odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a vypracov\u00e1n\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdch postup\u016f m\u016f\u017ee EU nav\u00edc rychleji a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji vytvo\u0159it bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed prostor a zajistit integritu sv\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch demokratick\u00fdch proces\u016f, co\u017e je nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed politick\u00e9 infrastruktury t\u011bchto zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzhledem ke skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee se Rusko nevzdalo sv\u00e9 expanzivn\u00ed politiky, bude Evropa sv\u011bdkem nov\u00e9 studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed obranyschopnosti bude ve st\u00e1tech st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy velmi v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 a povede k pos\u00edlen\u00ed postaven\u00ed SVE v r\u00e1mci jak evropsk\u00e9, tak bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed architektury NATO. To v\u0161ak mus\u00ed b\u00fdt doprov\u00e1zeno obnoven\u00edm dostate\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch kapacit obrann\u00e9ho sektoru. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se civiln\u00ed a vojensk\u00e9 technologie st\u00e1le v\u00edce prol\u00ednaj\u00ed, lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky v z\u00e1jmu \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed reindustrializace \u2013 jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho energetick\u00e9ho sektoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Doporu\u010den\u00ed:<\/strong><br>\u2022 Snahy roz\u0161i\u0159ovat a prohlubovat procesy EU mus\u00ed v\u00edce reflektovat specifick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky \u201erozvojov\u00e9ho p\u00e1su\u201c mezi \u201et\u0159emi mo\u0159i \u201c a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it tento koncept na Balk\u00e1n, stejn\u011b jako na Ukrajinu a Moldavsko, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dleny EU.<br>\u2022 St\u00e1ty SVE by se m\u011bly aktivn\u011bji zapojit do vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed alternativn\u00edch koncepc\u00ed Smlouvy o \u00dastav\u011b pro Evropu.<br>\u2022 Evropsk\u00e9 politick\u00e9 strany mus\u00ed pos\u00edlit podporu sv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch stran ve st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, a t\u00edm zabr\u00e1nit dal\u0161\u00edmu vzestupu populistick\u00fdch, protiz\u00e1padn\u00edch a prorusk\u00fdch stran a hnut\u00ed.<br>\u2022 Je nutn\u00e9 pos\u00edlit pil\u00ed\u0159e evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed strategie, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed zohled\u0148ovat specifick\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed po\u017eadavky zem\u00ed SVE a rovn\u011b\u017e mus\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bt k jejich reindustrializaci s vyu\u017eit\u00edm jak pro civiln\u00ed, tak vojensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely.<br>\u2022 St\u00e1ty SVE se mus\u00ed v\u00edce zapojit do program\u016f v\u00fdzkumu a v\u00fdvoje. To plat\u00ed pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed i soukrom\u00e9 subjekty, aby byl zastaven odliv mozk\u016f a byly vytvo\u0159eny z\u00e1klady udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho a dlouhodob\u00e9ho r\u016fstov\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje<\/strong><br>Allianz SE. 2019. Is There Really an Ever-Widening Rural-Urban Divide in Europe? 17\/7. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/ www.allianz.com\/en\/economic_research\/publications\/specials_fmo\/UrbanDevideEurope_17072019.html.<br>Basten, Stuart. 2015. Fertility and Family Policies in Central and Eastern Europe. 15\/1. Barnett Papers in Social Research.<br>Batog, Christina, a kol. 2021. Demographic Headwinds in Central and Eastern Europe. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/Departmental-Papers-Policy-Papers\/Issues\/2019\/07\/11\/DemographicHeadwinds-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-46992.<br>Boese, Vanessa A., a kol. 2021. How Democracies Prevail: Democratic Resilience as a Two-Stage Process. Democratization 28 (5): 885\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13510347.2021.1891413.<br>B\u00f6rzel, Tanja A. 2020. Multilevel Governance or Multilevel Government? British Journal of Politics and International Relations. SAGE Publications Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1369148120939872.<br>Conley, Heather A., a kol. 2016. The Kremlin Playbook: Understanding Russian Influence in Central and Eastern Europe.<br>Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly. 2019. Labour Migration from Eastern Europe and Its Impact on Socio-Demographic Processes in These Countries. Report Doc. 14956. 28\/8. http:\/\/assembly.coe.int\/nw\/ xml\/XRef\/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=28099&amp;lang=en.<br>Cserg\u00f6, Zsuzsa, Daina S. Eglitis, a Paula M. Pickering. 2021. Central and East European Politics: Changes and Challenges . London: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers.<br>Dordevic, Nikola. 2021. The Dash to Relocate: CEE\u2019s Nearshoring Opportunity. Emerging Europe. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/emerging-europe.com\/business\/the-dash-to-relocate-cees-nearshoring-opportunity\/.<br>European Commission. 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Region: On the European<br>Democracy Action Plan. COM\/2020\/790 final. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ TXT\/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A790%3AFIN&amp;qid=1607079662423.<br>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023a. The Just Transition Mechanism. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategyand-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal\/finance-and-green-deal\/just-transition-mechanism_en.<br>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023b. Resilience Reports. 1\/5. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/ scientific-activities-z\/resilience\/resilience-reports_en.<br>European Council. 2023. How the EU Responds to Crises and Builds Resilience. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/ www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-crisis-response-resilience\/.<br>European Investment Bank. 2018. Innovation Investment in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe: Building Future Prosperity and Setting the Ground for Sustainable Upward Convergence. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.eib.org\/en\/publications\/econ-innovation-investment-in-central-eastern-and-south-easterneurope<br>Gupta, Pritish. 2020. The \u201e17+1\u201d Initiative: Is China Losing Its Charm in Central and Eastern Europe? | ORF. 14\/9. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/expert-speak\/17-plus-1-initiative-china-losing-charmcentral-eastern-europe\/.<br>Hefele, Peter, a Michaela Knoskova. 2022. A Culture of Civil Defence Is Key to Europe\u2019s Resilience \u2013 EURACTIV.Com. Euractiv, 25\/8. 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V d\u016fsledku toho se hlavn\u00ed prioritou Evropsk\u00e9 komise stala snaha sn\u00ed\u017eit zranitelnost Evropy a posilovat jej\u00ed odolnost. Tento koncept p\u0159esahuje ochranu [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":20810,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20809","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-publikace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20809","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20809"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21325,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20809\/revisions\/21325"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20809"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20809"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}