{"id":20838,"date":"2024-08-13T12:27:18","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T10:27:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/?p=20838"},"modified":"2025-01-24T12:34:37","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T11:34:37","slug":"filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/2024\/08\/13\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/","title":{"rendered":"Filipec: T\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f v kontextu informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed text napsal politolog Ond\u0159ej Filipec pro na\u0161i publikaci<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; data-id=&quot;&quot;21278&quot;&quot; data-mode=&quot;fullscreen&quot; data-title=&quot;false&quot; data-template=&quot;short-white-book-view&quot; data-lightbox=&quot;dark-shadow&quot; data-urlparam=&quot;fb3d-page&quot; data-page-n=&quot;0&quot; 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Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek mapuje \u010deskou zku\u0161enost s dezinformacemi o migrantech od za\u010d\u00e1tku rusk\u00e9 invaze na Ukrajinu, tj. od \u00fanora 2022, kdy \u010cesko p\u0159ijalo (p\u0159epo\u010dteno na hlavu) nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det uprchl\u00edk\u016f z Ukrajiny. Prezentovan\u00fd v\u00fdvoj dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch narativ\u016f vych\u00e1z\u00ed z obsahov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy osmi dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f a zhruba tis\u00edcovky tzv. \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch email\u016f. Anal\u00fdza odhaluje vysokou podobnost komunikovan\u00fdch narativ\u016f s migra\u010dn\u00ed kriz\u00ed v obdob\u00ed 2015\u20132016, vysokou komplexnost komunikovan\u00fdch t\u00e9mat a objevuje univerz\u00e1lnost dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch narativ\u016f pro komunikaci budouc\u00edch migra\u010dn\u00edch vln. Z\u00e1v\u011brem je pak vyvozeno n\u011bkolik opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m d\u016fsledku dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vliv dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch kampan\u00ed zm\u00edrnit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/strong>&nbsp;migrace, uprchl\u00edci, Ukrajina, dezinformace, propaganda, \u010cesko<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e9ma migrace je dlouhodob\u011b zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no populistick\u00fdmi stranami a dezinforma\u010dn\u00edmi weby. Zat\u00edmco jedni vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1boj a strach z migrace k mobilizaci p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f a zisku politick\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i volbou t\u00e9matu z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e a posiluj\u00ed sv\u016fj vliv, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. V ur\u010dit\u00e9m ohledu tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k synergii dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9ny a populistick\u00fdch uskupen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 na prezentovanou hrozbu migrace obratn\u011b nab\u00edz\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed: od zm\u011bny vl\u00e1dy a vl\u00e1dn\u00edch politik, ostrahy a uzav\u0159en\u00ed hranic, a\u017e po vystoupen\u00ed z Evropsk\u00e9 unie (EU) a odsun migrant\u016f zp\u011bt do zem\u011b jejich p\u016fvod\u016f. U t\u011bchto navrhovan\u00fdch zm\u011bn v\u0161ak \u010dasto nejsou dom\u00fd\u0161leny n\u00e1sledky a jejich realizace by patrn\u011b zp\u016fsobila v\u00edce probl\u00e9m\u016f, ne\u017e kolik by jich \u0159e\u0161ila. Jist\u00fdm mementem se stal Brexit, u kter\u00e9ho migrace hr\u00e1la v\u00fdznamnou roli p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed voli\u010d\u016f, a to i navzdory paradoxu, \u017ee Brit\u00e1nie m\u011bla v EU vyjednanou \u0159adu v\u00fdjimek v r\u00e1mci migra\u010dn\u00ed politiky. T\u00e9ma migrace je tedy pom\u011brn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, pokud je zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed strachu, antisyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch postoj\u016f a prohlubov\u00e1n\u00ed euroskeptick\u00fdch n\u00e1lad. T\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e, pokud jde o zem\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy, kter\u00e9 oproti zem\u00edm ji\u017en\u00ed Evropy a postkoloni\u00e1ln\u00edm mocnostem nemaj\u00ed s masovou migrac\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed zku\u0161enosti a dosud se s problematikou setk\u00e1valy sp\u00ed\u0161e z pohledu tranzitn\u00edch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rusk\u00e1 invaze na Ukrajinu v \u00fanoru 2022 \u0159adu v\u011bc\u00ed zm\u011bnila. Miliony Ukrajinc\u016f, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed, uprchly p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou, aby nalezly bezpe\u010d\u00ed v zem\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u011b od hranic Ukrajiny. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed \u010cesko, Polsko nebo Slovensko, se p\u0159itom z hlediska po\u010dtu a rychlosti p\u0159\u00edchodu uprchl\u00edk\u016f jednalo o bezprecedentn\u00ed vlnu, jej\u00ed\u017e zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed p\u0159edstavovalo mnoho v\u00fdzev, od vy\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed administrativn\u00edch kapacit a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce pomoci, p\u0159es materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc uprchl\u00edk\u016fm, nalezen\u00ed ubytovac\u00edch kapacit, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edstup k pracovn\u00edmu trhu a zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di a\u017e po psychologickou pomoc a jazykov\u00e9 kurzy. Jednou z t\u011bchto v\u00fdzev doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed vlnu byla tak\u00e9 pot\u0159eba \u010delit dezinformac\u00edm v kyberprostoru, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed weby, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a tzv. \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 e-maily, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly za c\u00edl po\u0161kodit a naru\u0161it podporu t\u011bchto proces\u016f mezi ob\u010dany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je identifikovat narativy v r\u00e1mci tzv. \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch e-mail\u016f a vybran\u00fdch dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f, kter\u00e9 zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed t\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f k prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed antiimigra\u010dn\u00ed agendy; narativy polarizuj\u00edc\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a propaguj\u00edc\u00ed antisyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 postoje. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem pak je p\u0159edstavit doporu\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 podpo\u0159\u00ed prevenci t\u011bchto negativn\u00edch jev\u016f nebo p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b omez\u00ed jejich negativn\u00ed dopad. P\u0159esto\u017ee tato anal\u00fdza vych\u00e1z\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b z \u010desk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a \u010desk\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti v obdob\u00ed od po\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159\u00edchodu uprchl\u00edk\u016f z Ukrajiny (cca konec \u00fanora 2022) po sou\u010dasnost (k 31. 12. 2023), z\u00e1v\u011bry a doporu\u010den\u00ed jsou v jist\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e p\u0159enositeln\u00e9 i do jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed, a to po zohledn\u011bn\u00ed specifick\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho kontextu. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, boj s dezinformacemi a propagandou zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00e9ma migrace nen\u00ed dom\u00e9nou pouze \u010ceska, ale tak\u00e9 jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch prob\u00edh\u00e1 informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lka v kyberprostoru<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;a kter\u00e9 \u010del\u00ed aspirac\u00edm populistick\u00fdch uskupen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jako hlavn\u00ed metoda v\u00fdzkumu byla vyu\u017eita obsahov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza osmi \u010desk\u00fdch dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f (cz24.news; pravdive.eu; infokuryr.cz; necenzurovanapravda.cz; ac24.cz; svobodny-svet.cz a z \u010d\u00e1sti tak\u00e9 Aeronet a Sputnik) a \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch e-mail\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bny do datab\u00e1ze Thenidiel<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;ob\u010dansk\u00fdm sdru\u017een\u00edm \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed elfov\u00e9 (Czech Elves 2023). Ve sledovan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed od rusk\u00e9 invaze na Ukrajinu ode dne 22. 2. 2022 do 31. 12. 2023 se v datab\u00e1zi Thenidiel nach\u00e1zelo zhruba tis\u00edc unik\u00e1tn\u00edch e-mail\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se migrace z Ukrajiny. Jejich po\u010det v\u0161ak v praxi nelze p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, jeliko\u017e se jedn\u00e1 pouze o \u010d\u00e1st zachycenou v e-mailov\u00e9 komunikaci mezi lidmi. Jejich obsah se n\u011bkdy dot\u00fdk\u00e1 ukrajinsk\u00e9 migrace pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b, a to jako t\u00e9ma slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed coby odrazov\u00fd m\u016fstek pro jin\u00e1 t\u00e9mata. Lze tedy t\u011b\u017eko ur\u010dit, kdy obsah e-mailu je je\u0161t\u011b relevantn\u00ed a kdy ji\u017e nikoliv. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed tak v\u017edy bude do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry arbitr\u00e1rn\u00ed. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 e-maily zpravidla zrcadl\u00ed obsah dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f a souhrn dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch e-mail\u016f shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch v datab\u00e1zi Thenidiel nab\u00edz\u00ed dostatek materi\u00e1lu, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 rekonstruovat alespo\u0148 zevrubn\u00fd n\u00e1stin v\u00fdvoje komunikovan\u00fdch dezinformac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly se ukrajinsk\u00e9 migrace v \u010cR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anal\u00fdza v\u00fdchoz\u00edho stavu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e9ma migrace do ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho diskurzu v\u00fdrazn\u011bji vstoupilo s migra\u010dn\u00ed kriz\u00ed v letech 2015\/2016 a ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem kulminovalo s p\u0159ijet\u00edm \u201eEvropsk\u00e9ho programu pro migraci\u201c a \u201ekrizov\u00e9ho reloka\u010dn\u00edho mechanismu\u201c (European Commission 2015; Council Decision 2015\/1523). Tato agenda byla od po\u010d\u00e1tku n\u011bkter\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi akt\u00e9ry a n\u011bkter\u00fdmi m\u00e9dii vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1na z kontextu a zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1na jako \u201ekv\u00f3ty na migranty\u201c s p\u0159edstavou, \u017ee \u201ezl\u00fd Brusel\u201c nut\u00ed \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty p\u0159ij\u00edmat migranty, mezi nimi\u017e bylo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch migrant\u016f a muslim\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edseda populistick\u00e9 strany Svoboda a p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 demokracie (SPD) hovo\u0159il v Poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovn\u011b o \u201e\u0161\u00edlen\u00e9 proimigra\u010dn\u00ed politice Bruselu\u201c, kde lid\u00e9 \u201ed\u011blaj\u00ed v\u0161e proto, aby se jich co nejv\u00edce mohlo usadit v na\u0161\u00ed zemi\u201c (Stul\u00edk a Kr\u010d\u00e1l 2019). Kritick\u00fd postoj zauj\u00edmaly i dal\u0161\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany a osobnosti, co\u017e vedlo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 sekuritizaci t\u00e9matu. Jak podot\u00fdk\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 anal\u00fdza medi\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace t\u00e9matu uprchlictv\u00ed, z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nedostatky m\u011bla i n\u011bkter\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed m\u00e9dia: \u201e\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u201arovnice\u2018 co uprchl\u00edk, to muslim a tedy potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd terorista, nen\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou ani v m\u00e9di\u00edch, je\u017e se ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako seri\u00f3zn\u00ed. Migruj\u00edc\u00ed nejsou zobrazov\u00e1ni jako lid\u00e9 v kritick\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed situaci, ale jako \u201azakuklen\u00ed \u0161i\u0159itel\u00e9 isl\u00e1mu\u2018, kte\u0159\u00ed budou \u00fato\u010dit na evropsk\u00e9 hodnoty\u201c (Sedl\u00e1kov\u00e1, Lap\u010d\u00edk a Bure\u0161ov\u00e1 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prakticky v\u0161echny politick\u00e9 strany rozpracovaly t\u00e9ma migrace v r\u00e1mci sv\u00fdch volebn\u00edch program\u016f, tak\u017ee se t\u00e9ma migrace stalo nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9matem populistick\u00fdch stran (Filipec 2017). Vl\u00e1dy n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f (\u010cesko, Slovensko, Ma\u010farsko a Rumunsko) pak zpravidla pod tlakem ve\u0159ejnosti hlasovaly v Rad\u011b ministr\u016f proti krizov\u00e9mu reloka\u010dn\u00edmu mechanismu, ale nakonec byly p\u0159ehlasov\u00e1ny. P\u0159esto kv\u00f3ty nikdy nebyly napln\u011bny a k roku 2017 \u010cesko p\u0159ijalo pouze 12 uprchl\u00edk\u016f (\u010cT24 2017). O rok pozd\u011bji vzk\u00e1zal \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159edseda vl\u00e1dy Andrej Babi\u0161 italsk\u00e9mu premi\u00e9rovi Giuseppe Contemu, \u017ee \u201e\u010cesk\u00e1 republika nep\u0159ijme ani jednoho migranta\u201c (\u010cesk\u00fd rozhlas 2018). Do cel\u00e9 z\u00e1le\u017eitosti vstoupila Evropsk\u00e1 komise a podala na \u010cesko, Polsko a Ma\u010farsko \u017ealobu, aby v roce 2020 Evropsk\u00fd soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr konstatoval poru\u0161en\u00ed povinnosti ze strany v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed zem\u00ed (Court of Justice of the European Union 2020). Je tedy nutno zm\u00ednit, \u017ee \u201emigra\u010dn\u00ed krize\u201c m\u011bla v kontextu zem\u00ed visegr\u00e1dsk\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159ky (V4) sp\u00ed\u0161e imagin\u00e1rn\u00ed charakter. Ob\u010dan\u00e9 t\u011bchto zem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmou zku\u0161enost s uprchl\u00edky nem\u011bli (Jaworsky 2020). T\u00e9to zku\u0161enosti vyu\u017e\u00edvala dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9na a populistick\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 r\u00e1movaly migraci a migranty do negativn\u00edho kontextu, zejm\u00e9na jako agresivn\u00ed a nep\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00e9 mlad\u00e9 mu\u017ee, islamistick\u00e9 radik\u00e1ly a teroristy, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li parazitovat na \u0161t\u011bdr\u00e9m soci\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu, p\u00e1chat n\u00e1sil\u00ed a islamizovat c\u00edlov\u00e9 zem\u011b. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem tak doch\u00e1zelo k polarizaci spole\u010dnosti v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch migrace, podpory evropsk\u00e9 integrace a cel\u00e1 debata o migraci byla z \u010d\u00e1sti ovlivn\u011bna strachem a um\u011ble konstruovanou xenofobi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9na, obdobn\u011b jako nap\u0159. slovensk\u00e1, je pom\u011brn\u011b pestr\u00e1. V \u010cesku funguje okolo \u010dty\u0159 des\u00edtek dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prokremelskou propagandu a narativy v souladu se zahrani\u010dn\u011b-politick\u00fdmi prioritami Rusk\u00e9 federace (Jacuch 2022). D\u00e1le zde p\u016fsob\u00ed n\u011bkolik politick\u00fdch stran kritick\u00fdch v\u016f\u010di z\u00e1padn\u00ed orientaci a evropsk\u00e9 integraci, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed synergie s dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9nou pro zisk politick\u00e9 podpory. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je zde v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace, kterou charakterizuje n\u00edzk\u00e1 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed gramotnost (STEM 2019) a anti-syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 postoje, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto b\u00fdvaj\u00ed umocn\u011bny post-komunistickou nostalgi\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad podle dat z roku 2019 ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u0159et\u00ed \u010cech nad 40 let souhlas\u00ed s tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee za socialismu bylo l\u00e9pe (Post Bellum 2019). Kombinace t\u011bchto faktor\u016f pak utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed, a t\u00edm i zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed migrace jako t\u00e9matu pro polarizaci spole\u010dnosti a mobilizaci p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f anti-syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch stran a skupin. Tento negativn\u00ed jev je pak mo\u017eno vzt\u00e1hnout do souvislosti s dal\u0161\u00edmi socio-ekonomick\u00fdmi aspekty (nap\u0159. nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 ekonomick\u00e1 situace, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vylou\u010den\u00ed, problematika n\u00edzk\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo v \u010cesku specifick\u00fd probl\u00e9m exekuc\u00ed), osobn\u00ed nebo spole\u010denskou zku\u0161enost\u00ed s migrac\u00ed, nebo celkovou ekonomickou vysp\u011blost\u00ed st\u00e1tu (Chaloupkov\u00e1 a \u0160alamounov\u00e1 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost je pom\u011brn\u011b nejednotn\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edstupu k demokracii a probl\u00e9mu dezinformac\u00ed a propagandy. Pro konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu lze nap\u0159\u00edklad uv\u00e9st, \u017ee podle pr\u016fzkumu agentury Ipsos z roku 2023 (n = 1047) je jen 31 % \u010cech\u016f spokojeno s fungov\u00e1n\u00edm demokracie (bu\u010f zcela spokojeno \u2013 4 % nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e spokojeno 27 %), zbytek je bu\u010f zcela nespokojen (20 %), sp\u00ed\u0161e nespokojen (22 %) nebo ani spokojen, ani nespokojen (27 %). Celkem 23 % \u010cech\u016f bere informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lku jen jako z\u00e1minku z\u00e1padn\u00edch vl\u00e1d (v\u010detn\u011b t\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9) k omezov\u00e1n\u00ed svobody slova a nepohodln\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed a 9 % dokonce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u010cesko se informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v\u016fbec net\u00fdk\u00e1. Cel\u00fdch 28 % dot\u00e1zan\u00fdch pak nev\u00ed, jestli se informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lka t\u00fdk\u00e1 tak\u00e9 \u010ceska nebo nikoliv (Ipsos 2023). Nav\u00edc, d\u016fv\u011bra ve vl\u00e1dn\u00ed instituce je dlouhodob\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 (nap\u0159. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1 2020). Jin\u00fdmi slovy, dezinformace a propaganda maj\u00ed v \u010cesku pom\u011brn\u011b usnadn\u011bnou v\u00fdchoz\u00ed pozici. Ukrajinskou migraci je proto nutn\u00e9 zasadit a hodnotit i v tomto kontextu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Od \u00fanora 2022, kdy za\u010dala rusk\u00e1 invaze, do konce roku 2022 Ukrajinu opustilo 3,5 milion\u016f lid\u00ed. Nejv\u00edce jich zam\u00ed\u0159ilo do N\u011bmecka, kde z\u00edskalo do\u010dasnou ochranu 968 tis\u00edc uprchl\u00edk\u016f, do Polska (961 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed) a do \u010ceska, kter\u00e9 ud\u011blilo do\u010dasnou ochranu 432 tis\u00edc\u016fm lid\u00ed. \u010cesko s 10,5 miliony obyvatel se tak stalo st\u00e1tem s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ukrajinskou men\u0161inou, p\u0159epo\u010dteno na obyvatele (Plev\u00e1k 2023). Nejpozd\u011bji v b\u0159eznu 2022 se t\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f dostalo do pop\u0159ed\u00ed dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edti a \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch e-mail\u016f, kter\u00e9 se na za\u010d\u00e1tku invaze zam\u011b\u0159ovaly na jej\u00ed ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed ze strany Rusk\u00e9 federace (nap\u0159\u00edklad existence tajn\u00fdch biolaborato\u0159\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b, kde USA spolu s Ukrajinci p\u0159ipravovaly nov\u00e9 mutace viru zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00edho covid-19, obvi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed USA a Z\u00e1padu z vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky, \u00fadajn\u00e9 masakry Rus\u016f na Donbase, spojov\u00e1n\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00e9ho re\u017eimu s nacismem apod.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Komunikace migrace z Ukrajiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Prakticky ihned po invazi do\u0161lo \u201epo intenzivn\u00edch konzultac\u00edch s bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami st\u00e1tu a na z\u00e1klad\u011b doporu\u010den\u00ed vl\u00e1dy\u201c k zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed osmi dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f (aeronet.cz, protiproud.cz, ceskobezcenzury.cz, voxpopuliblog.cz, prvn\u00edzpravy.cz, czechfreepress.cz, exanpro.cz a skrytapravda. cz), kter\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily prokremelsk\u00e9 narativy (Seznam zpr\u00e1vy 2022). Krok provedl spr\u00e1vce \u010desk\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny (weby blokuje registr\u00e1tor dom\u00e9n, nap\u0159. spole\u010dnost CZ.NIC nebo Wedos a dal\u0161\u00ed za pomoc\u00ed DNS z\u00e1znam\u016f) a dal\u0161\u00edch cca 20 dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f bylo blokov\u00e1no ze strany n\u011bkter\u00fdch internetov\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b nap\u0159. mobiln\u00edch oper\u00e1tor\u016f (Prchal 2022). Blokace nakonec nebyla podpo\u0159ena p\u0159ijet\u00edm z\u00e1kona, tak\u017ee do\u0161lo k jej\u00edmu ukon\u010den\u00ed. Tento bezprecedentn\u00ed krok byl ze strany dot\u010den\u00fdch u\u017eivatel\u016f ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako \u00fatok na svobodu slova a cenzura ze strany st\u00e1tu, co\u017e pozd\u011bji \u0159e\u0161il tak\u00e9 soud, kter\u00fd dal \u010desk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b za pravdu. Hodnocen\u00ed praktick\u00e9ho vlivu tohoto kroku na informa\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed v \u010cesku je pom\u011brn\u011b problematick\u00e9, jeliko\u017e se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i t\u011bchto web\u016f zpravidla p\u0159esunuli na jin\u00e9 str\u00e1nky obdobn\u00e9ho charakteru a do prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzov\u00fdch e-mail\u016f pos\u00edlan\u00fdch zejm\u00e9na mezi star\u0161\u00ed generac\u00ed. Lze tedy o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee konzumenti dezinformac\u00ed pouze alternovali komunika\u010dn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhruba v b\u0159eznu 2022 se za\u010daly objevovat prvn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky v\u011bnovan\u00e9 ukrajinsk\u00e9 migraci, kter\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaly obdobn\u00e9 r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed jako v pr\u016fb\u011bhu migra\u010dn\u00ed krize 2015\/2016: p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed uprchl\u00edci jsou bohat\u00ed \u2013 jsou dob\u0159e oble\u010den\u00ed, maj\u00ed dobr\u00e9 telefony a jezd\u00ed v modern\u00edch autech. Zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed podporu, kter\u00e1 je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010cech\u016f. Nav\u00edc jsou uprchl\u00edci nevd\u011b\u010dn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b je poukazov\u00e1no na jejich nevhodn\u00e9 nebo dokonce nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed (nevychovan\u00e9 a rozmazlen\u00e9 d\u011bti, agresivn\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017e, vyb\u00edrav\u00e9 a nevd\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 matky atd.). Pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto tyto dezinformace m\u011bly charakter \u201eosobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti\u201c nebo \u201epotvrzen\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu\u201c n\u011bjak\u00e9ho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ur\u010ditou zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed byla snaha vyu\u017e\u00edt rasov\u011b lad\u011bn\u00e9 xenofobie charakteristick\u00e9 pro krizi 2015\/2016 pro vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed strachu z ukrajinsk\u00e9 migrace. Dezinformace se t\u00fdkala Afri\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili do \u010ceska dostat v r\u00e1mci ukrajinsk\u00e9 migrace. Pozornost dezinform\u00e1tor\u016f toti\u017e upoutali \u010derno\u0161i, proto\u017ee mezi uprchl\u00edky byli tak\u00e9 afri\u010dt\u00ed studenti, kte\u0159\u00ed v dob\u011b invaze studovali na Ukrajin\u011b a v d\u016fsledku v\u00e1lky a zru\u0161en\u00fdch let\u016f se sna\u017eili zemi opustit. Videa nato\u010den\u00e1 aktivistkou na hrani\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159echod\u011b mezi Slovenskem a Ukrajinou tak byla zneu\u017eita pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformace, \u017ee mezi Ukrajinci jsou \u010derno\u0161i, kte\u0159\u00ed bez registrace vstupuj\u00ed do EU. Tato zpr\u00e1va pak byla \u0161\u00ed\u0159ena nejen dezinform\u00e1tory, ale tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi stranami s prokremelskou agendou (Den\u00edk.cz 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je nutno podotknout, \u017ee t\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f bylo komunikov\u00e1no sou\u010dasn\u011b s jin\u00fdmi t\u00e9maty, kter\u00e1 kontextu\u00e1ln\u011b posilovala protiimigra\u010dn\u00ed diskurz. Pokud se dezinformace nezam\u011b\u0159ily p\u0159\u00edmo na migranty, zam\u011b\u0159ovaly se na charakteristiku prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ze kter\u00e9ho migranti poch\u00e1zej\u00ed. \u010casto se takov\u00e9to dezinformace t\u00fdkaly stavu konfliktu na Ukrajin\u011b, kter\u00e1 byla na jednu stranu l\u00ed\u010dena jako bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 zem\u011b (v\u017edy\u0165 se vlastn\u011b nic ned\u011bje, tak\u017ee uprchl\u00edci nemaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo k n\u00e1m j\u00edt) a na stranu druhou jako zem\u011b problematick\u00e1 (odli\u0161n\u00e1 kultura, korupce, zlo\u010din, fa\u0161istick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da atd.), by\u0165 byly \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b tyto narativy v protikladu. V tomto ohledu jist\u00e9 kontroverze vyvolal soud s u\u010ditelkou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ed \u017e\u00e1ky zpochyb\u0148ovala v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny na Ukrajin\u011b (iRozhlas 2023a). Bagatelizace situace na Ukrajin\u011b v prvn\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch v\u00e1lky do\u0161la tak daleko, \u017ee byly pop\u00edr\u00e1ny v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny a masakry (nap\u0159. existence masov\u00fdch hrob\u016f v Bu\u010di, najat\u00ed herci m\u00edsto mrtvol na ulici) a \u0161\u00ed\u0159eny zcela bizardn\u00ed konspira\u010dn\u00ed teorie typu: Ukrajinci si bombarduj\u00ed m\u011bsta sami, aby z\u00edskali pen\u00edze na modernizaci zem\u011b a mohli k\u0159iv\u011b obvi\u0148ovat Ruskou federaci. Tato d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed t\u00e9mata pak dotv\u00e1\u0159ela kontext migrace a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku posilovala zd\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee migrace z Ukrajiny je nelegitimn\u00ed a uprchl\u00edci si \u017e\u00e1dnou podporu nezaslou\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V pr\u016fb\u011bhu jara 2022 byla spu\u0161t\u011bna a systematizov\u00e1na pomoc uprchl\u00edk\u016fm z Ukrajiny.<a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Nen\u00ed tedy p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto obdob\u00ed se stala \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm ter\u010dem dezinform\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed rozpracovali narativy o zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to pomoci ze strany migrant\u016f. Pomoc byla prezentov\u00e1na jako ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00e1 a na \u00fakor \u010desk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f. P\u0159esto\u017ee finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc ve form\u011b tzv. humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed d\u00e1vky \u010dinila 5 000 k\u010d (cca 200 Euro) na osobu, po dobu maxim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u011bti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f (Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 66\/2022 Sb.), dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i sami \u201evypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vali\u201c a komunikovali nerealistick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky v \u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek tis\u00edc korun, kter\u00e9 \u00fadajn\u011b uprchl\u00edci dost\u00e1vali (iRozhlas 2023b). V tomto kontextu byla kritizov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 byla ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako \u201eukrajinsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da Petra Fialy\u201c, kter\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148uje Ukrajince p\u0159ed vlastn\u00edmi ob\u010dany. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se objevily zpr\u00e1vy o ne\u00fam\u011brn\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zdravotn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ze strany migrant\u016f. Tento narativ byl pozd\u011bji (na podzim 2022) rozpracov\u00e1n na \u201ezdravotn\u00ed turistiku\u201c: kv\u016fli absenci zdravotn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b Ukrajinci masov\u011b p\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00ed do \u010ceska, kde vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de je tak nedostupn\u00e1 pro \u010desk\u00e9 ob\u010dany. Migrace z Ukrajiny postihla hlavn\u011b region\u00e1ln\u00ed centra, ve kter\u00fdch je obecn\u011b dostupnost zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v regionech nebo na jejich periferi\u00edch. Vzhledem ke struktu\u0159e migrace (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u017eeny a d\u011bti), se dopady migrace dot\u00fdkaly sp\u00ed\u0161e specifick\u00fdch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch obor\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad komplikace mohly b\u00fdt zaznamen\u00e1ny ve vyt\u00ed\u017eenosti pediatr\u016f a gynekolog\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed dohromady p\u0159edstavovali asi 80 % sektorov\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee. Je nutno si v\u0161ak uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zhroucen\u00ed Ukrajiny v d\u016fsledku vojensk\u00e9 por\u00e1\u017eky by po\u010det uprchl\u00edk\u016f v \u010cR mohl dos\u00e1hnout i hranice dvou milion\u016f a enormn\u011b exponov\u00e1ny by byly i jin\u00e9 oblasti medic\u00edny (Bal\u00edk 2022). Zhroucen\u00ed tak velk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu v bl\u00edzkosti \u010cR by nakonec vytvo\u0159ilo tlak na v\u0161echny oblasti ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se zdravotn\u00edm stavem tak\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o nebezpe\u010dnosti migrant\u016f. Zejm\u00e9na pak v souvislosti s nemocemi, kter\u00e9 Ukrajinci \u00fadajn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b nap\u0159. AIDS\/HIV). Tyto narativy nebyly v \u010cesku nov\u00e9: v r\u00e1mci dezinformac\u00ed o onemocn\u011bn\u00ed covid-19 se vyskytovaly zpr\u00e1vy, \u017ee covid-19 byl do EU p\u0159ivle\u010den migranty. P\u0159esto\u017ee nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz pro vazbu mezi migranty a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm onemocn\u011bn\u00ed covid-19, toto spojen\u00ed bylo v praxi komunikov\u00e1no populistick\u00fdmi politiky. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je nap\u0159\u00edklad Viktor Orb\u00e1n nebo Matteo Salvini, kter\u00fd vypuknut\u00ed pandemie v It\u00e1lii sv\u00e1d\u011bl na n\u00e1kazu lodi s africk\u00fdmi migranty ze Sic\u00edlie (Norwegian Refugee Council 2020). Je v\u0161ak nutno p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee Ukrajinci p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed z problematick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, a i proto mezi nimi je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed riziko v\u00fdskytu n\u011bkter\u00fdch naka\u017eliv\u00fdch chorob. Zde se dost\u00e1v\u00e1me k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu paradoxu: zat\u00edmco jeden z narativ\u016f tvrdil, \u017ee Ukrajinci p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pro \u010desk\u00e9 zdravotnictv\u00ed (a tedy p\u00e9\u010de by jim m\u011bla b\u00fdt odep\u0159ena nebo zpoplatn\u011bna), jin\u00fd z narativ\u016f argumentuje naka\u017eliv\u00fdmi chorobami (kter\u00e9 by tedy m\u011bly b\u00fdt v nejlep\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1jmu v\u0161ech l\u00e9\u010deny). Obdobn\u011b rozporupln\u00e1 je situace ohledn\u011b onemocn\u011bn\u00ed covid-19: na Ukrajin\u011b je obecn\u011b zhruba dvakr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed proo\u010dkovanost populace, kter\u00e1 se uv\u00e1d\u00ed okolo 33 % (Kobl\u00ed\u017eek 2022). To by mohl b\u00fdt nosn\u00fd argument podporuj\u00edc\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed proo\u010dkovanost, av\u0161ak \u0161i\u0159itel\u00e9 dezinformac\u00ed a konspir\u00e1to\u0159i \u010dasto pat\u0159\u00ed mezi odp\u016frce o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159\u00edmo pop\u00edra\u010de existence onemocn\u011bn\u00ed (Filipec 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158ada dezinformac\u00ed pracuje a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro dokreslen\u00ed narativ\u016f i skute\u010dn\u00e9 situace a incidenty, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159irozen\u011b p\u0159i tak velk\u00e9 migra\u010dn\u00ed vln\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed. Pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed narativ\u016f uveden\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161e (nap\u0159. zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1vek nebo \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoc\u00ed) tak byly vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny incidenty s ukrajinsk\u00fdmi Romy, kte\u0159\u00ed se za\u010dali v prvn\u00edch t\u00fddnech po invazi shlukovat v prostor\u00e1ch p\u0159ed n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00edmi velk\u00fdch m\u011bst. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku, kdy finan\u010dn\u00ed podpora ze strany \u010ceska byla v\u016f\u010di ukrajinsk\u00fdm uprchl\u00edk\u016fm pom\u011brn\u011b vst\u0159\u00edcn\u00e1, skute\u010dn\u011b existovalo podez\u0159en\u00ed o systematick\u00e9m zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu organizovanou skupinou osob, kter\u00e1 vyb\u00edrala tzv. humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek (5 000 korun, cca 200 Euro), a po jeho vyplacen\u00ed zmizela nezn\u00e1mo kam. To byl p\u0159\u00edpad hlavn\u00edho n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed v Praze a Brn\u011b, ale i n\u011bkter\u00fdch region\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed a Krajsk\u00fdch asisten\u010dn\u00edch center pomoci Ukrajin\u011b (KACPU), kter\u00e9 za\u017e\u00edvaly vlny ukrajinsk\u00fdch Rom\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se zpravidla jednalo skute\u010dn\u011b o n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 uprchl\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli gramotn\u00ed, m\u011bli probl\u00e9m dolo\u017eit svou identitu a jejich zdravotn\u00ed stav vzbuzoval obavy. V r\u00e1mci celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu stovek tis\u00edc migrant\u016f se v\u0161ak jednalo sp\u00ed\u0161e o des\u00edtky osob. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nedolo\u017eiteln\u00e9 identity byly tyto osoby prov\u011b\u0159eny v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch datab\u00e1z\u00edch (nap\u0159. Interpol) a byly jim odebr\u00e1ny otisky (Rozhovor 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obdobn\u011b dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i komunikovali narativ, \u017ee \u201em\u00edsto aby ukrajin\u0161t\u00ed mu\u017ei bojovali a chr\u00e1nili svou vlast, tak pob\u00fdvaj\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi rodinami v \u010cesku\u201c. V \u0159ad\u011b ohled\u016f se jedn\u00e1 o narativ problematick\u00fd. Zaprv\u00e9, je \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b v rozporu s jin\u00fdmi narativy (nap\u0159. \u017ee se vlastn\u011b na Ukrajin\u011b nic ned\u011bje) nebo pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak, \u017ee Ukrajina v\u00e1lku prohr\u00e1v\u00e1. Za druh\u00e9, tento narativ zcela opom\u00edj\u00ed fakt, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed mu\u017ei p\u0159icestovali do \u010ceska se sv\u00fdmi rodinami leg\u00e1ln\u011b. Brann\u00e1 povinnost a mobilizace se nevztahovala na n\u011bkter\u00e9 ob\u010dany, typicky z d\u016fvodu v\u011bku \u010di zdravotn\u00ed zp\u016fsobilosti. Nav\u00edc i v r\u00e1mci odvod\u016f existovaly ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky, nap\u0159\u00edklad mu\u017ei se t\u0159emi nezletil\u00fdmi d\u011btmi pod 18 let mohli ze zem\u011b odcestovat, obdobn\u011b tak\u00e9 invalid\u00e9 nebo mu\u017ei pe\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed o posti\u017een\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b nebo man\u017eelku (viz. \u010dl\u00e1nek 23(1)(4) Z\u00e1kona o p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na mobilizaci a mobilizaci). Dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i tak vyu\u017e\u00edvali neznalosti ukrajinsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f mezi \u010desk\u00fdmi ob\u010dany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhruba po roce, tedy v zim\u011b 2023 se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee je t\u00e9ma migrace z Ukrajiny vy\u010derp\u00e1no. Nav\u00edc t\u00e9ma bylo zast\u00edn\u011bno daleko v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi probl\u00e9my, jako je inflace nebo r\u016fst ceny energi\u00ed. \u010cesko se p\u0159ipravovalo na prezidentsk\u00e9 volby, ve kter\u00fdch i t\u00e9ma Ukrajiny bylo v\u00fdznamn\u011b akcentov\u00e1no, by\u0165 nikoliv s d\u016frazem na uprchl\u00edky (dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed narativ, \u017ee jeden z kandid\u00e1t\u016f \u2013 b\u00fdval\u00fd gener\u00e1l Petr Pavel \u2013 \u201ezat\u00e1hne\u201c zemi do v\u00e1lky s Ruskem). T\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f se vyskytovalo sp\u00ed\u0161e obecn\u011b a parci\u00e1ln\u011b, v kontextu \u201eukrajinizace zem\u011b\u201c (typicky st\u00e1le vyv\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 ukrajinsk\u00e9 vlajky na znamen\u00ed solidarity s Ukrajinou na n\u011bkter\u00fdch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch budov\u00e1ch) nebo \u00fadajn\u00e1 \u201eukrajinizace \u0161kolstv\u00ed\u201c v d\u016fsledku p\u0159\u00edtomnosti ukrajinsk\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f v \u010desk\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch. Tato t\u00e9mata u\u017e v\u0161ak nem\u011bla v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad, jeliko\u017e ka\u017edodenn\u00ed zku\u0161enost v\u011bt\u0161iny obyvatel byla jin\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e9ma ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f se do pop\u0159ed\u00ed dost\u00e1valo znovu s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi problematick\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi. Jednalo se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, kter\u00fdch se dopustili na \u010desk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b Ukrajinci. Tyto \u010diny byly zpravidla dezinform\u00e1tory zveli\u010dov\u00e1ny a vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1ny z kontextu, obsahovaly jistou m\u00edru pau\u0161alizace a snahy p\u0159en\u00e9st vinu na Ukrajince jako celek v r\u00e1mci kolektivn\u00ed viny, kdy Ukrajinci byli prezentov\u00e1ni jako nep\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00ed n\u00e1siln\u00edci. To se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nap\u0159. incidentu z \u010dervna 2023, kdy Ukrajinec zabil Roma u Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady. Obhajoba tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se jednalo o sebeobranu. V srpnu 2023 byl mu\u017e propu\u0161t\u011bn z vazby (iDNES.cz 2023). S p\u0159\u00edchodem ukrajinsk\u00fdch uprchl\u00edk\u016f kriminalita v \u010cesku v\u00fdrazn\u011b nestoupla. To je d\u00e1no jednak strukturou migrace (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u017eeny a d\u011bti), ale tak\u00e9 relativn\u00ed kulturn\u00ed bl\u00edzkost\u00ed obou n\u00e1rod\u016f. Kulturn\u00ed bl\u00edzkost ovliv\u0148uje nap\u0159\u00edklad rychlost a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost integrace v r\u00e1mci nov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e sni\u017euje frustraci a nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00e9st ke krimin\u00e1ln\u00edm projev\u016fm. D\u00e1le usnad\u0148uje p\u0159ijet\u00ed a respekt hodnot c\u00edlov\u00e9 zem\u011b, co\u017e m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed vliv na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed, a tedy p\u016fsob\u00ed z hlediska kriminality jako preventivn\u00ed faktor. P\u0159esto v\u0161ak dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed sc\u00e9na zd\u016fraz\u0148uje rozd\u00edly a sna\u017e\u00ed se vyvolat xenofobn\u00ed tendence zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm odli\u0161nost\u00ed. Paradoxn\u011b, pr\u00e1v\u011b tento p\u0159\u00edstup \u201eodm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c a vymezov\u00e1n\u00ed se v\u016f\u010di migrant\u016fm p\u016fsob\u00ed jako demotivuj\u00edc\u00ed faktor pro jejich \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou integraci do v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti a tla\u010d\u00ed migranty, aby preferovali uzav\u0159en\u00e9 diaspory, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak z hlediska kriminality problemati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (viz. nap\u0159. Prinz 2019). Integrace migrant\u016f je v\u0161ak velmi komplikovan\u00fd a mnohovrstv\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem t\u00e9to kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 studie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011brem je nutno podotknout, \u017ee vybran\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed weby se pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto navz\u00e1jem cituj\u00ed a poskytuj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm odkazy na jin\u00e9 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed weby. Dohromady tak vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b hustou s\u00ed\u0165, na kterou je nabalen cel\u00fd \u201edezinforma\u010dn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m\u201c (\u0160t\u011btka, Maz\u00e1k a Vochocov\u00e1 2020). Jedn\u00e1 se o prostor, ve kter\u00e9m na z\u00e1klad\u011b nepravdiv\u00fdch informac\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed alternativn\u00edho a mnohdy zcela bizardn\u00edho sv\u011bta. Sv\u011bta, kde je skute\u010dn\u00fd agresor prezentov\u00e1n jako m\u00edrotv\u016frce, kde nebyla ukrajinsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta zni\u010dena n\u00fdbr\u017e \u201eosvobozena\u201c, kde za ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zlo na Ukrajin\u011b m\u016f\u017ee \u201efa\u0161istick\u00e1\u201c vl\u00e1da podporovan\u00e1 USA, pota\u017emo EU, a ve kter\u00e9m je v\u0161e \u0161patn\u00e9 spojov\u00e1no migranty, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou prezentov\u00e1ni v\u00fdhradn\u011b negativn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hlavn\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee dezinformace a propaganda prov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed migraci z Ukrajiny zpravidla prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve specifick\u00e9m n\u00e1rodn\u00edm kontextu, zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed specifikov\u00e1na v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jsou do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry p\u0159enositeln\u00e1, jeliko\u017e lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat obdobnou komunikaci i v souvislosti s jin\u00fdmi migra\u010dn\u00edmi vlnami. Z p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti tedy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f, na kter\u00e1 je mo\u017eno nav\u00e1zat ur\u010dit\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed. Zpravidla se jedn\u00e1 o doporu\u010den\u00ed preventivn\u00edho charakteru, nebo takov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed o zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch kampan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zaprv\u00e9, p\u0159esto\u017ee se jednalo o migraci osob kulturn\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u017een a d\u011bt\u00ed zasa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00e1lkou, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159ili ur\u010dit\u00fd propor\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016f\u0159ez v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00edd ukrajinsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvali podobn\u00e9 narativy jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b migrace osob z kulturn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je hodnotov\u011b vzd\u00e1leno (s poukazem nap\u0159. na isl\u00e1m) c\u00edlov\u00e9 zemi. Existovala zde snaha po\u0161kozovat motivy migrace a ozna\u010dovat uprchl\u00edky jako ekonomick\u00e9 migranty a parazity. Tento trend lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat i v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch migra\u010dn\u00edch vln\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt tvo\u0159eny lidmi s kulturn\u011b, n\u00e1bo\u017eensky a hodnotov\u011b vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Pokud odhl\u00e9dneme od nastaven\u00ed migra\u010dn\u00ed a azylov\u00e9 politiky, v\u010detn\u011b integrace t\u011bchto osob do spole\u010dnosti (kter\u00e1 bude v\u017edy problemati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b osob z kulturn\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed), je pot\u0159eba tyto procesy doprov\u00e1zet pravdivou a konstruktivn\u00ed komunikac\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ovanou k prevenci rasismu a xenofobie, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b tak\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00fdm vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm v oblasti aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdzev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zadruh\u00e9, migra\u010dn\u00ed vlna prob\u011bhla jako n\u00e1sledek v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho konfliktu, kter\u00fd byl rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159edm\u011btem dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b, kter\u00e1 dotv\u00e1\u0159ela kontext migrace. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed weby a \u0161i\u0159itel\u00e9 informac\u00ed podporuj\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telskou stranu p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm a sd\u00edlen\u00edm jej\u00ed propagandy, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se sna\u017e\u00ed oto\u010dit ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed proti uprchl\u00edk\u016fm. Prakticky se tak v\u011bt\u0161inou stav\u00ed proti ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice sv\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu (za p\u0159edpokladu \u017ee u moci nejsou populist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed sami bojuj\u00ed proti migraci) a podporou nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 strany nep\u0159\u00edmo vstupuj\u00ed na jej\u00ed stran\u011b do konfliktu v jej\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed podob\u011b. Zde se nab\u00edz\u00ed ot\u00e1zka, zda tito lid\u00e9 \u201epadli na poli informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lky\u201c, nebo m\u00e1 smysl se sna\u017eit o jejich \u201ez\u00e1chranu\u201c. V tomto kontextu tedy jde o kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 dilema, jeho\u017e vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee napov\u011bd\u011bt kognitivn\u00ed psychologie: a toti\u017e zdali m\u00e1 v\u016fbec smysl pokou\u0161et se o zm\u011bnu postoj\u016f u lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed dezinformac\u00edm podlehli m\u00edsto nap\u0159. investov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f a kapacit do prevence. Mo\u017en\u00e9 je oboj\u00ed. Ot\u00e1zkou tak\u00e9 je, jak by tato zm\u011bna mohla prob\u00edhat. Dle autorovy zku\u0161enosti pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 konfrontace s migranty, kter\u00fdm je d\u00e1n prostor se p\u0159edstavit a n\u00e1sledn\u011b lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed prostor se jich osobn\u011b zeptat. Zpravidla plat\u00ed, \u017ee osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enost a fyzick\u00fd kontakt je siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sd\u011blen\u00ed z internetu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u0159et\u00ed, dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i ve sv\u00fdch kampan\u00edch apeluj\u00ed na primitivn\u00ed emoce, a\u0165 ji\u017e jde o strach z migrace (nap\u0159. poukazov\u00e1n\u00edm na skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u010di smy\u0161len\u00e9 n\u00e1siln\u00e9 \u010diny spojovan\u00e9 s migranty nebo stra\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159enosem nemoc\u00ed), vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1visti (nap\u0159. do\u010dasn\u00fdch materi\u00e1ln\u00edch a finan\u010dn\u00edch benefit\u016f poskytnut\u00fdm uprchl\u00edk\u016fm) nebo zklam\u00e1n\u00ed a zlobu (nap\u0159. poukazov\u00e1n\u00ed na nevd\u011b\u010dnost uprchl\u00edk\u016f, jejich nevhodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo celkovou odli\u0161nost). Dezinform\u00e1to\u0159i tedy pracuj\u00ed s pom\u011brn\u011b pestrou paletou emoc\u00ed a pocit\u016f, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159im\u00edchat do komunikovan\u00e9ho sd\u011blen\u00ed tak, aby u adres\u00e1ta vyvolali po\u017eadovanou reakci. Ta m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zam\u011b\u0159ena na rozvoj antiimigra\u010dn\u00edch postoj\u016f, sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1na proti vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politice a v krajn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159er\u016fst v n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Je tedy \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, aby si c\u00edlov\u00e9 skupiny tyto manipulativn\u00ed techniky uv\u011bdomovali. Ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zde pom\u00e1h\u00e1 strategie \u201evakcinace\u201c, kter\u00e1 vystavuje c\u00edlovou skupinu \u201ena\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdm\u201c obsahem dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b, kter\u00e1 bude brzy vedena. D\u00edky tomu ji c\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina pozn\u00e1 a dojde pouze k omezen\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za\u010dtvrt\u00e9, obdobn\u011b jako u jin\u00fdch t\u00e9mat i u migrace plat\u00ed, \u017ee po \u010dase doch\u00e1z\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu opot\u0159eben\u00ed a vypr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9matu, a to i v kontextu nov\u00fdch a d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zpr\u00e1v. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, i migra\u010dn\u00ed diskurz podl\u00e9h\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e9mu \u017eivotn\u00edmu cyklu a komunikovan\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy maj\u00ed ur\u010ditou dynamiku, kter\u00e1 je ovlivn\u011bna \u010dasem a kontextu\u00e1ln\u00edmi faktory. Tyto trendy je vhodn\u00e9 monitorovat a vyu\u017e\u00edvat pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed efektivitu strategick\u00e9 komunikace. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nem\u00e1 smysl, dokonce by mohlo b\u00fdt kontraproduktivn\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednat komunikaci t\u00e9matu, kter\u00e9 je oslabov\u00e1no a m\u00e1 tendenci se v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch dnech z ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho diskurzu vytratit. Naopak, pokud o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me nastolen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu, je vhodn\u00e9 toto t\u00e9ma za\u010d\u00edt komunikovat s p\u0159edstihem a p\u0159evz\u00edt iniciativu: spolu s nastolenou agendou je vhodn\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0159ovat i jej\u00ed v\u00fdvoj v r\u00e1mci komunikace, a t\u00edm z\u00edskat nad dezinform\u00e1tory ur\u010ditou v\u00fdhodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zap\u00e1t\u00e9, po p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1konn\u00e9 hranice je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159istoupit k otev\u0159en\u00e9 konfrontaci provozovatel\u016f dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f a p\u0159ijmout technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zm\u00edrn\u00ed dopad dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f a \u0161i\u0159itel\u016f dezinformac\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina st\u00e1t\u016f EU disponuje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi ustanoven\u00edmi v r\u00e1mci trestn\u00edch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f a omezuj\u00edc\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi s c\u00edlem zajistit ochranu st\u00e1tu. Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek a bezpe\u010dnost jsou mnohdy nad\u0159azeny b\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu ob\u010dansk\u00e9mu re\u017eimu. Blokov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e9n dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f nebo dohody s poskytovateli internetu mohou b\u00fdt zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd je v\u0161ak do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry dvouse\u010dnou zbran\u00ed, se kterou je nutno nakl\u00e1dat obez\u0159etn\u011b. V liber\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii by m\u011blo b\u00fdt omezov\u00e1n\u00ed svobody slova a\u017e posledn\u00ed mo\u017enou alternativou v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy dezinformace mohou ohrozit samotnou podstatu demokracie, vyvolat rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd ob\u010dansk\u00fd konflikt nebo v\u00e9st k po\u0161kozen\u00ed zdrav\u00ed velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu osob. Nakonec, i tuto posledn\u00ed mo\u017enost vl\u00e1dy braly v potaz v souvislosti s dezinformacemi ohledn\u011b existence, prevence a l\u00e9\u010dby onemocn\u011bn\u00ed covid-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za\u0161est\u00e9, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je v boji proti dezinformac\u00edm spolupr\u00e1ce. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty mohou b\u00fdt zvl\u00e1dnuty na \u00farovni st\u00e1t\u016f, jejich \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a ministerstev (nap\u0159. strategick\u00e1 komunikace a informa\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b, vytvo\u0159en\u00ed efektivn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce atd.), jin\u00e9 je vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159enechat ob\u010dansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kterou je nutno podporovat. To se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nap\u0159. vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed odborn\u00edk\u016f, neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00ed i profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch komunika\u010dn\u00edch agentur, kter\u00e9 mohou pomoci s preventivn\u00ed a krizovou komunikac\u00ed. Jeliko\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci, nab\u00edz\u00ed se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed charakter t\u011bchto s\u00edt\u00ed, spolu s implementac\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ijat\u00fdch na p\u016fd\u011b EU. Nakonec, boj s dezinformacemi a nep\u0159\u00e1telskou propagandou je celoevropsk\u00fd probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A kone\u010dn\u011b, boj s dezinformacemi obsahuje \u0159adu rovin, v\u010detn\u011b roviny finan\u010dn\u00ed nebo etick\u00e9. Dezinformace a propaganda mohou nap\u00e1chat nezvratiteln\u00e9 \u0161kody, kter\u00e9 lze jen t\u011b\u017eko v p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch dopadech vyj\u00e1d\u0159it konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stkou, jeliko\u017e nap\u0159. kvalita demokracie nebo informac\u00ed se jen t\u011b\u017eko ur\u010duje pen\u011bzi. Na druhou stranu, demokracie jako takov\u00e1 m\u00e1 nevy\u010d\u00edslitelnou hodnotu, a proto i podnikatelsk\u00e9 aktivity by m\u011bly br\u00e1t v potaz charakter komunika\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f a vyvarovat se z etick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f dezinforma\u010dn\u00edm web\u016fm, kter\u00e9 t\u00edmto mohou oslabit o zdroj p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, nap\u0159. z reklamy, a t\u00edm oslabit jejich vliv. I zde tedy prevence m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos ne\u017e \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1sledk\u016f dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch kampan\u00ed. Proto je zodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho proti dezinformac\u00edm bojovat v\u0161emi dostupn\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky, kter\u00e9 nekompromituj\u00ed demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Podporovat a chr\u00e1nit demokratick\u00e9 instituce, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed st\u00e1tu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sna\u017eit se komunikovat s rodinou, p\u0159\u00e1teli, sousedy a ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed ohledn\u011b migrace otev\u0159en\u011b, racion\u00e1ln\u011b a fakticky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem nepodporovat dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed platformy (finan\u010dn\u011b, medi\u00e1ln\u011b, n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvnost\u00ed atd.) a zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat etick\u00fd aspekt \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed neov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch a nepravdiv\u00fdch informac\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sna\u017eit se p\u0159edch\u00e1zet dezinformac\u00edm jasnou a z\u0159etelnou komunikac\u00ed (<em>pre-bunking<\/em>), vyvracet dezinformace (<em>de-bunking<\/em>) v on-line prostoru a vyva\u017eovat efekt jejich p\u016fsoben\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy s pozitivn\u00edm narativem stimuluj\u00edc\u00edm pozitivn\u00ed emoce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Podporovat ob\u010danskou spole\u010dnost a navazovat spolupr\u00e1ci mezi sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00fdmi organizacemi, kter\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed \u00faskal\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed pro fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a kvalitu demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V r\u00e1mci prevence komunikovat narativy a t\u00e9mata mo\u017en\u00fdch dezinformac\u00ed a p\u0159ipravit ob\u010dany na dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed kampan\u011b \u201ena\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdm\u201c obsahem, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v t\u011bchto kampan\u00edch vyu\u017eit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Podporovat aktivity a iniciativy sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k informa\u010dn\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed gramotnosti, v\u010detn\u011b kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed nebo znalost\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pro orientaci ve slo\u017eit\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00e9 zdroje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bal\u00edk, Martin. 2022. Jak\u00e9 dopady ukrajinsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 krize na \u010desk\u00e9 zdravotnictv\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1stupci jednotliv\u00fdch obor\u016f? ProL\u00e9ka\u0159e.cz, 22\/3. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.prolekare.cz\/novinky\/jake-dopady-ukrajinske-valecne-krize-na-ceske-zdravotnictvi-ocekavaji-zastupci-jednotlivych-oboru-130344<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesk\u00fd rozhlas. 2018. Poslanec KDU-\u010cSL Bene\u0161\u00edk: Babi\u0161 cht\u011bl Sy\u0159any zapl\u00e1cnout d\u00edry na pracovn\u00edm trhu. Te\u010f u\u017e je populisticky proti migraci. 31\/8. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/plus.rozhlas.cz\/poslanec-kdu-csl-benesik-babis-chtel-syrany-zaplacnout-diry-na-pracovnim-trhu-7600954<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaloupkov\u00e1, Jana, a Petra \u0160alamounov\u00e1. 2006. Postoje k imigrant\u016fm a dopad\u016fm migrace v evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch.&nbsp;<em>Sociologick\u00fd \u010dasopis<\/em>&nbsp;42 (1): 57-80.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Council Decision (EU) 2015\/1523 of 14 September 2015 Establishing Provisional Measures in the Area of International Protection for the Benefit of Italy and of Greece.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cT24. 2017. Kon\u010d\u00ed program p\u0159erozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed uprchl\u00edk\u016f. Podle Evropsk\u00e9 komise byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd, Unii ale rozd\u011blil. 26\/9. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/ct24.ceskatelevize.cz\/clanek\/svet\/konci-program-prerozdelovani-uprchliku-podle-evropske-komise-byl-uspesny-unii-ale-rozdelil-90251<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Czech Elves (2023) Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/cesti-elfove.cz\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Den\u00edk.cz (2022) FAKENEWS: \u010cerno\u0161i z Ukrajiny? Slovensk\u00e1 policie vysv\u011btluje situaci na hranic\u00edch. 3\/3. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.denik.cz\/z_domova\/fake-news-uprchlici-z-ukrajiny-slovenska-policie.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>European Commission (2015) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A European Agenda on Migration.13\/5. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/home-affairs.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2020-09\/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Filipec, Ond\u0159ej. 2019. Migration As an Issue in the 2017 General Elections in the Czech Republic. In&nbsp;<em>Migration: The Challenge of European States.&nbsp;<\/em>Ed. Jaroslav Mih\u00e1lik a Jakub Bardovi\u010d. Stuttgart: Ibidem Verlag, s. 149-170.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023. \u201cPlease forward before they delete it\u201d. Assessing conspiracy theories and disinformation in chain e-mails about Covid-19 in the Czech Republic.&nbsp;<em>Routledge Open Res<\/em>&nbsp;2023, 2:25. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/routledgeopenresearch.org\/articles\/2-25<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Horakova, Nicole. 2020. \u201eA Mistrustful Society? The Lack of trust in Government Institutions in the Czech Republic.\u201c&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Social Quality<\/em>&nbsp;10 (2): 52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iDNES.cz. 2023. Soud propustil z vazby cizince obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho z n\u00e1siln\u00e9 smrti Roma v Brn\u011b. 21\/8. Dostupn\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>na: https:\/\/www.idnes.cz\/brno\/zpravy\/rom-ukrajinec-bitka-smrt-soud-vazba-propusteni.A230821_124203_ brno-zpravy_mos1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iRozhlas.cz. 2023a. V\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f u\u010ditelky za zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zlo\u010din\u016f Ruska na Ukrajin\u011b p\u0159ed \u017e\u00e1ky byla<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1, rozhodl soud. 6\/12. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.irozhlas.cz\/zpravy-domov\/ucitelka-dezinformace-valka-ukrajina-rusko-zakladni-skola-vypoved-soud_2312061609_har<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2023b. Ov\u011b\u0159ovna: 32 tis\u00edc m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b v humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed d\u00e1vce pro ukrajinskou rodinu? Maxim\u00e1ln\u011b necel\u00fdch 14 tis\u00edc. 30\/7. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.irozhlas.cz\/zpravy-domov\/uprchlici-valka-na-ukrajine-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-ukrajina-davky-castka-penize-overovna_2307300500_vtk<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ipsos. 2023. S fungov\u00e1n\u00edm demokrace je v \u010cesku spokojena t\u0159etina lid\u00ed, politici podle nich nenaslouchaj\u00ed lidem. 29\/5. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/cs-cz\/s-fungovanim-demokracie-je-v-cesku-spokojena-tretina-lidi-politici-podle-nich-nenaslouchaji-lidem<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jacuch, Andrzej. 2022. Czech-Russian relations. Russian disinformation campaign.&nbsp;<em>Polish Political Science Yearbook<\/em>&nbsp;51: 1-22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jaworsky, Bernadette Nadya. 2020. The \u201eThirteenth Immigrant\u201c? Migration and Populism in the 2018 Czech Presidential Election. In&nbsp;<em>Populism in the Civil Sphere<\/em>. Eds. Jeffrey C. Alexander, Peter Kvisito a Giuseppe Sciortino. Cambridge: Polity Press, s. 152-177.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Norwegian Refugee Council. 2020. 10 Things You Should Know about Coronavirus and Refugees. 16\/3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dostupn\u00e9 na:&nbsp; https:\/\/www.nrc.no\/news\/2020\/march\/10-things-you-should-know-about-coronavirus-and-refugees\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plev\u00e1k, Ond\u0159ej. 2023. Czechia Hosts Most Ukrainian Refugees Per Capita.&nbsp;<em>Euractiv<\/em>, 24\/2. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/politics\/news\/czechia-hosts-most-ukrainian-refugees-per-capita\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Post Bellum. 2019. Ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u0159et\u00ed nad 40 si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee za socialismu \u201ebylo l\u00edp\u201c. 22\/10. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/ www.postbellum.cz\/2019\/10\/kazdy-treti-nad-40-let-si-mysli-ze-za-socialismu-bylo-lip\/?fbclid=IwAR3eun9AqCM48MRUMnBQgM6WocMonKT5y63JHhQ3kSHGiLw8-6eqFc7di5g<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prchal, Petr. 2022. K soukromopr\u00e1vn\u00edm hledisk\u016fm blokace dezinforma\u010dn\u00edch web\u016f (studie).&nbsp;<em>Advok\u00e1tn\u00ed den\u00edk<\/em>. 23\/ 9. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/advokatnidenik.cz\/2022\/09\/23\/k-soukromopravnim-hlediskum-blokace-dezinformacnich-webu-studie\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rozhovor 1. 2022. Osobn\u00ed rozhovor s \u010dlenem veden\u00ed Krajsk\u00e9ho asisten\u010dn\u00edho centra pro pomoc Ukrajin\u011b v Olomouci, dne 20. 4. 2022. Archiv autora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sedl\u00e1kov\u00e1, Ren\u00e1ta, Marek Lap\u010d\u00edk a Zdenka Bure\u0161ov\u00e1. 2015.&nbsp;<em>Anal\u00fdza medi\u00e1ln\u00ed reprezentace t\u00e9matu emigra\u010dn\u00ed vlny z isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch zem\u00ed do Evropy a reakc\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 politiky a spole\u010dnosti na tuto emigra\u010dn\u00ed vlnu<\/em>. Praha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.lawinsider.com\/cs\/contracts\/bTjIQuJGWkl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seznam zpr\u00e1vy. 2022. Kdo dal pokyn vypnout dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed weby? Stopy m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed k tajn\u00fdm slu\u017eb\u00e1m. 3\/3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.seznamzpravy.cz\/clanek\/domaci-kauzy-kdo-dal-pokyn-vypnout-dezinformacni-weby-stopy-miri-k-tajnym-sluzbam-191430<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>STEM. 2019. Nov\u00fd studie zkoum\u00e1 vztah medi\u00e1ln\u00ed gramotnosti, d\u016fv\u011bry v m\u00e9dia a n\u00e1chylnosti k dezinformac\u00edm. 7\/11. Dostupn\u00e9 na: https:\/\/www.stem.cz\/nova-studie-zkouma-vztah-medialni-gramotnosti-duvery-v-media-a-nachylnosti-k-dezinformacim\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160t\u011btka, V\u00e1clav, Jarom\u00edr Maz\u00e1k a Lenka Vochocov\u00e1. 2020. \u201cNobody Tells us What to Write about\u201c: The Disinformation Media Ecosystem and Its Consumers in the Czech Republic.&nbsp;<em>Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture<\/em>&nbsp;28 (1): 90-109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 66\/2022 Sb. o opat\u0159en\u00edch v oblasti zam\u011bstnanosti a oblasti soci\u00e1ln\u00edho zabezpe\u010den\u00ed v souvislosti s ozbrojen\u00fdm konfliktem na \u00fazem\u00ed Ukrajiny vyvolan\u00fdm invaz\u00ed vojsk Rusk\u00e9 federace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1kon o p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na mobilizaci a mobilizaci. (Ukrajina). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u201e\u041f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e\u201c \u0442\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u201e\u041f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0457\u0437\u0434\u0443 \u0437 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0456 \u0432\u203a\u0457\u0437\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438\u201c. Dostupn\u00e9 na:&nbsp;https:\/\/itd.rada.gov.ua\/billInfo\/Bills\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Card\/39845<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;Pro \u00fa\u010dely tohoto textu je pojem informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lka ch\u00e1p\u00e1n \u0161iroce, jako souboj pravdiv\u00fdch a nepravdiv\u00fdch informac\u00ed, zpravidla produkovan\u00fdmi a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdmi dezinforma\u010dn\u00edmi weby, fale\u0161n\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dty na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch, jednotlivci nebo skupinami osob, kter\u00e9 z jejich \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed maj\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd nebo jin\u00fd prosp\u011bch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;Jedn\u00e1 se o datab\u00e1zi, do kter\u00e9 e-maily vkl\u00e1daj\u00ed pro\u0161kolen\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b zkontroluj\u00ed obsah. E-maily proch\u00e1z\u00ed syst\u00e9mem n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u00e9 kontroly a jejich obsah je p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd, tak\u017ee badatel si relevantnosti za\u0159azen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee s\u00e1m ov\u011b\u0159it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/top-az.eu\/filipec-tema-ukrajinskych-uprchliku-v-kontextu-informacni-valky\/#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;Byla zprovozn\u011bna s\u00ed\u0165 Krajsk\u00fdch asisten\u010dn\u00edch center pomoci pro Ukrajinu (KACPU), kde uprchl\u00edky nalezli materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoc, bylo jim zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1no ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161eny prakticky v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 n\u00e1le\u017eitosti pro pobyt na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR, od \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch povolen\u00ed, p\u0159es p\u0159\u00edstup na pracovn\u00ed trh, a\u017e po zdravotn\u00ed a psychologickou pomoc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cel\u00fd text kapitoly ve verzi ke sta\u017een\u00ed naleznete zde: <a href=\"http:\/\/&lt;div class=&quot;_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size&quot; 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Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek mapuje \u010deskou zku\u0161enost s dezinformacemi o migrantech od za\u010d\u00e1tku rusk\u00e9 invaze na Ukrajinu, tj. od \u00fanora 2022, kdy \u010cesko p\u0159ijalo (p\u0159epo\u010dteno na hlavu) nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det uprchl\u00edk\u016f [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":20839,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[132,137,127,139,94,138],"class_list":["post-20838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-publikace","tag-cesko","tag-migrace","tag-ondrej-filipec","tag-propaganda","tag-stredni-evropa","tag-uprchlici"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20838"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21340,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20838\/revisions\/21340"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/new.thinktopaz.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}